In an age where even massive companies with sizable HR departments grapple with toxic workplace culture, what’s left for smaller startups, frequently staffed by small teams of people who all wear multiple hats?

Ask Wharton School professor Stephanie Creary, a former Cornell University scholar who focuses on identity and diversity, and she’ll say the move that has proven to be most effective is appointing a dedicated human resources head, no matter how early.

“We know that employee experience is predicated upon having policies and practices that allow people to contribute to organizations,” Creary said. “[Founders] need to hire an HR or diversity officer to put policies and processes in place.”

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